Ho (??? ???, IPA: /ho: ??g?r/) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 1.04 million people (0.103% of India's population) per the 2001 census. Ho is a very old tribal language. It is spoken by the Ho people of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, West Bengal, Assam, Bangladesh and is written with the Warang Citi script. In some regions, Odia, Devanagari, Bengali and Latin scripts are used, but are considered non-ideal by the native speakers who prefer exclusive use of Warang Citi.
The name "Ho" is derived from the native word "???" (IPA: /ho:/) which means "Human being".
Video Ho language
Distribution
The largest concentrations of Ho speakers are in the West Singhbhum, Jamshedpur and East Singhbhum district of southern Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj district and Keonjhar district, Jajpur district, Sundergarh district, Balasore District, Dhenkanal district, Sambalpur district, Cuttack district, Angul District, Bhadrak district of Odisha. Ho is closer to the Mayurbhanj dialect of Mundari than the language spoken in Jharkhand. Ho and Mundari are ethnically and linguistically close but the regional identity of the speakers is distinct.Some researchers and scholars said that Ho and Mundari are two sister languages.
Maps Ho language
Stages of Development
The lexicon of the language reflects close association with nature and living proximity with birds and beasts.,
The Roman, Devanagari and Warang Citi scripts have been used in the field of teaching and learning. In 1953, the department of Education, Government of Bihar set out instructions to all the Divisional Inspectors of schools. The government maintained that 'the pupil-teachers whose mother tongue is other than Hindi should be given the option of maintaining their records in their mother tongue. In every junior Training School besides Hindi, a second mother-tongue as accepted in Government resolution no.645ER of the 10th August, 1953 should be invariably taught.' The plan has been to provide education in their mother tongue at the primary level.
Since 1976, the Ho language is being imparted at intermediate and graduate courses in different colleges under the Ranchi University. The university opened a separate department named Tribal and Regional Languages in 1981.
In erstwhile Bihar, the Information and Mass Communication department regularly published Ho articles, folk stories, songs in devanagari script in a weekly named Adivasi Saptahik. The Tribal Research Institute conducted a Study of Ho Dialect.
c) Other: There are significant initiatives inculcated in development of Ho language. A pioneering work was started at Ete Turtung Akhara, Jhinkapani to study and develop the Ho language under the leadership of late Lako Bodra with the help of Adi Sanskriti evam Vigyan Sansthan. The institute published a book in 1963 entitled Ho Hayam Paham Puti in the Barang Chiti lipi script and introduced the letters of Barang Chiti, Kakahara.
Sindhu Surin reworked and propagated Owar Ankawa- a reformed script of barang chiti. This has been popularized and disseminated by the institution called Sindhu Jumur.
A.Pathak and N.K. Verma tried to compare the Warang Chiti lipi with the script of Indus valley in their book the Echoes of Indus valley. Sudhanshu Kumar Ray in his 'Indus Script' described that the script Barang Chiti resembles the script of Indus that was discovered by Ashok Pagal and Bulu Imam in the caves of Aswara hill near Baraka village.
Xavier Ho Publication, Lupungutu has been publishing a series of books in Devanagri script. Fr. John Deeney wrote Ho Grammar and Vocabulary in 1975.
4. Change of Status/Course due to important event like linguistic states reorganization: In post-independence era by state reorganization, Ho speaking region bifurcated and demography scattered into Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Post independence state reorganization, therefore, was of little help in the development of Ho language.
A new state Jharkhand came into existence in November 2000. In its effort the state government has recently recommended Ho language to be included in the eighth schedule of the Constitution. There is hope in the initiative taken by the government as regard to the development of the Ho language in future.
Rising significance of Ho Language & UGC-NET
The University Grants Commission of India has already recognized Ho as a language and literature.Now, UGC is conducting National Eligibility Test examination in Ho language under the "'subject code 70"' in Tribal and Regional Language/Literature group. In Orissa and Jharkhand, Education in Ho at the primary level was introduced in 20 and 449 schools respectively and about 44,502 tribal students are pursuing their studies in the language.
Besides education, Ho has also got its due recognition in the world of mass media. For the last few years, All India Radio (AIR) has been airing songs in Ho from the AIR centres in Keonjhar, Rourkela and Cuttack besides Baripada in Mayurbhanj district. Regular programs in Ho are broadcast from Chaibasa and Jamshedpur AIR centres in Jharkhand. Similarly, from Ranchi AIR centre in Jharkhand, regional news bulletins are broadcast two days a week Friday and Sunday.
Institutes & universities for Ho language
Universities
- Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand
- Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand
Colleges
- Ho Language Education Council, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Orissa
- Ho Language +2 Junior College, Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Orissa
Institutes and schools
- Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High school, Birbasa, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
- Banajyoti Bahubhasi Vidya Mandir, Purunapai, At/Po- purunapani via-Barkote, Deogorh, Odisha
- Veer Birsa Warangchity Mondo, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
- Birsa Munda Ho Language High school, Jamunalia, At- Jamunalia, P.O- Godikansha, via-Kaliaota(telkoi), keonjhar, Odisha
- Padmashree Tulasi Munda Ho Language High School, Machhgorh, At/Po- Machhgorgh, keonjhar, Odisha
- Kol guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Dobati, At- Dobati- P.O- tikirapal, via-Mitrapur, Balasore, Odisha
- Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Nuagaon, At/Po- Nuagaon, Via- raisuan, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin-758013
- Warangchity Marshal Mondo, Radhanagar, At/Po- Radhanagar, via- Bissoi, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
- Atteh Turtung Rumtulay mondo, singda, At/Po- singda, Via- Karanjia, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, PIN-757037
- Bankipirh Marshal Mondo, Bankidihi, At- Bankidihi, P.O- Asana, via- Bissoi, Mayurbhanj, Odisha
- Similipal Baa bagan mondo, Thakurmapatna, At- Thakurmapatna, P.O-Barhakamuda, Via- karanjia, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin-757037
- Kolguru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, Gokul Chandra pur, At- G.c. pur, P.O- saradiha, Via- Sarat, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin-757079
- Birsa Munda Ho Language High School, Hadagutu, At- Hadagutu, P.O- labanyadeipur, via- sarat, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin-75707
- Kolhan High School, Satakosia, At/p.o- satakosia, via- Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin-757038
- Guru Lako Bodra Ho Language High School, ThakurmundaAt/ Po-Thakurmunda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, Pin - 757038
Ho folk literatures
- Ho folk literature's collection of folk songs by Sharatchandra Rai, Dr. D.N. Majumdar, B. Sukumar, Haldhaar, Kanhuram Devgum etc. (1915-26).
- Tuturd, Sayan Marsal by Dr. S.K. Tiyu.
- The Affairs of a Tribe by Dr. D.N. Majumdaar.
- Aandi and Sarjom Ba Dumba by Jaidev Das.
- Ho Durandh by W.G. Archer.
- Folklore of Kolhaan by C.H. Bompaas.
- Sengail (Poems), Satish Rumul (Poems), Ho Chapakarh Kahin, Satish Chandra Sanhita, and Chaas Raiy Takh by Satish Kumar Koda.
- Dishum Rumul Mage Durudh by Shivcharan Birua.
- Adivasi Sivil Durah, Adivasi Deyoan, Adivasi Muni and Urri Keda Kova Red-Ranu by Durga Purti.
- Bongra Buru Ko (Ho Religion), Horoh Hoan Ko, Maradh Bonga, and Gosain-Devgum Mage Poraab (on Maage Parv) by Pradhaan Gaagrai.
- Baradchiti (on Ho Lipi), Pompo, Shaaher Hora (Play), Raghuvansh (Play), Hora-Bara, Ho Hayam (Ho Vyakaran), Haladh-Halpudh, Jiboan * * Gumpai Duradh, and Bonga Singirai (Novel) by Lako Bodra.
- Ho Kudih (Novel) by Dumbi Ho.
- Ho Kudih (Novel) and Adhunik Ho Shishth Kawya by Prof. Janum Singh Soy.
- Jaira Jeebon Dastur, Durrn Dudugar, and Ho Bhasha Shastra Ayun Vyakaran by Prof. Balram Paat Pingua.
- Ho Dishum Ho Hoon Ko by Dhanusingh Purti.
- Eitaa Bataa Nalaa Basaa, Joaur, Parem Sanadh (Poems), Sarjom Ba Taral, etc. By Kamal Lochan Kohaar.
- Ho Lokkatha by Dr. Aditya Prasad Sinha.
- Magazines like Johar, Turturd, Ottoroad, and Sarnaphool also have Ho language articles.
Ho grammar and vocabulary
- Ho Vyakaran by Lainoj Baro. (1915)
- Grammar of the Kol by Ray A. Nariroat.
- Encyclopaedia Mundarica by John Hoffman has section on Ho Dictionary.
- Ho Grammar and Vocabulary, Ho English Dictionary, and Ho Sahitya Sarjan by Father Dini S.J.
- Hindi Ho Sabdkosh by Brajbihari.
Further reading
- Ho Vyakaran by Lainoj Baro. (1915)
- Grammar of the Kol by Ray A. Nariroat.
- Encyclopaedia Mundarica by John Hoffman has section on Ho Dictionary.
- Ho Grammar and Vocabulary, Ho English Dictionary, and Ho Sahitya Sarjan by Father Dini S.J.
- Hindi Ho Sabdkosh by Brajbihari.
- Deeney, J. J. (1991). Introduction to the Ho language: [learn Ho quickly and well]. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
- Burrows, L. (1915). Ho grammar: with vocabulary.
- Deeney, J. J. (1975). Ho grammar and vocabulary. Chaibasa: Xavier Ho Publications.
- Hembram, D.r. "Shishu Halang" Part-2. Jharkhand Publications.
- Bandia, Kaira Singh. "OL INITU".
- Bodra, Lako. "Saraswati Gowari".
- Bodra, Lako. "Baha Buru-Bonga Buru" in Ho language.
- Bodra, Lako. "Kol Rule" in Hindi.
- Bodra, Lako. "Kol Rule" in Ho by Dr. Lako Bodra.
- Bodra, Lako. "Halang Halpung" in Ho By Dr. Lako Bodra.
- Bodra, Lako. "Sahar Hora" part-1 by Dr. Lako Bodra.
- Bodra, Lako. (2000). "Sishu Halang" part I & part II by Dr. Lako Bodra.
- Lala Rai Niranjan Shrivastav, Bhubaneswar Prasad Awasthi, S.A.B.D.Hans, Dulay ch. munda. "Munda lokgeet evang lokkathayain".
- Bible Society of India, "Jiban Reya Hora" By Bible Society of India.
- Paleya, Padiyar., "Landa Bagan" Padiyar Paleya.
- Tiu, Prafulla., "Oriya-Ho" Language Translation. By Prafulla tiu.
- Honhaga, Vibhishan." Sing Bonga Ashra". (1968).
- Deogam, Moraji., "Luku Hadam Dishum-Rumul".(1993).by Moraji Deogam.
- Purty, Dhanursingh, "Ho-Dishum Ho Honko" seven volumes.(1982) Xavier Ho Publications.
- Tiu, Soneya Kumar, "Re-ed-Ranu" PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. (Allopathic, Birth control & Horo vocabulary).physician Soneya Kumar Tiu.(1976).
- Deogam, Chandrabhusan, "Larka Ho", by Chandrabhusan Deogam.
- Purty, Laxman., "Elabu Padawa" Part-II. By Laxman Purty.
- Gagarai, Ghanshyam., "Parichaya" (Adivasi Ho Samaj). by Ghanshyam Gagarai.(6.10.1993). published by Krishi ebang jilla samanbayak. south Bihar, Jamshedpur.
- Tiu, Singhrai, "Warang Chiti Chinab" in Ho. by Singhrai Tiu.
- Bodra, Bagun, "Sishu Seyan" in Ho by Bagun Bodra. approved by Ho Bhasa Sahitya Vikash Samity Chaibasa, Singhbhum(W.)Bihar.
- Tiriya, Kali Charan, "SUSAR".publishes By Sida Hora Susar Aakala, Orissa, bhubaneswar.(1985).
- Sikander Tamsoy, Raiman kudada, Dobro Buliuli. "Dupub-Dustoor meeyad-marshal".
- Tiu, D.R. Soneya Kumar,."TURTUNG" by D.R. Soneya Kumar Tiu.
- Kumar, Bajra Bihari,. "HINDI-HO DICTIONARY". by Bajra Bihari Kumar. Nagaland Bhasha Parishad, Kohima. 395 pages.
- Uxbond, F.A., "Munda-Magyar-Maori". by F.A.Uxbond.london lUZAC & CO. 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET.(1928).
- Hasan, Amir, " Kols Of Patta" by Amir Hasan(I.A.S).
- P.Ponette, S.J., "THE MUNDA WORLD". By FR J.B.HOFFMANN, S.J.(1978)Catholic Press Ranchi.
- Deeney, J. J. (1978). Ho-English Dictionary. Chaibassa: Xavier Ho Publications.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S., Toshiki Osada and K. David Harrison. "Ho and the other Kherwarian Languages" In Gregory Anderson (ed.) Munda Languages. (2008). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6
- Bodra, Ghanshyam 'Sakinj'., "UNKURU" a book for beginners" ( a selected book to promote Education in Adivasi HO Language and in WARANG KSHITI script.) 3rd edition.
See also
- Languages of India
- Languages with official status in India
References
External links
- The Ho language webpage by K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AC-8@view Ho language in RWAAI Digital Archive
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